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THE UNDERWORLD
Underworld, the kingdom of the dead, was the
realm of Hades and his queen, Persephone. Hades was very
disinclined to let his subjects leave and - with very few
exceptions - the only creatures who were allowed to freely go in
and out were the Erinyes, also known as the Furies. The
Underworld is separated from the world above by five rivers:
Acheron - the river of woe
Cocytus - the river of lamentation
Phlegethon - the river of fire
Styx - the river of unbreakable oath by which the gods swear
Lethe - the river of forgetfulness.
According to the Iliad, written by the ancient poet Homer, the
Underworld is located beneath the secret places of the earth; in
the Odyssey (also written by Homer) the way down there lies over
the edge of the world across Ocean. In later poems there are
various entrances to it through caves and beside deep lakes.
According to the ancient poet Homer the Underworld is a shadowy
place where nothing is real, but rather a soul’s existence there
is like a miserable dream. Later poets describe it more and more
vividly and it becomes a place where the evil are punished and
the good rewarded. Of all the poets, the Roman Virgil tells of
the geography of the underworld in greatest detail. Hermes leads
the souls down the path to the underworld, to where Acheron
pours into Cocytus. There the ancient boatman, Charon, ferries
the souls across. Charon only ferries those who can pay for his
service, with the money placed on their lips during their
funeral. Those who cannot pay are trapped between two worlds and
must wait a hundred years before Charon ferries them for free.
Once on the other bank the souls face Cerberus, a three-headed
dog with snake and dragon heads for its tail. His job is to
guard the gates to the underworld. Cerberus will allow all to go
in, but none to leave. Upon its arrival, each soul is brought
before three judges: Rhadamanthus, Minos and Aeacus who pass
sentence and either send them to eternal torment in a part of
the Underworld named after its master, Hades, or to a place of
blessedness, the Elysian Fields, sometimes said to not even be
located in the Underworld.
Somewhere in the Underworld lies the great palace of Hades
(Pluto). Other than saying that it is many-gated and crowded
with guests, no writer describes it. Around it are wide wastes,
wan and cold, and meadows of asphodel, presumably strange,
pallid, ghostly flowers.
Excerpts from Carlos
Parada's
Genaeological Guide to Greek Mythology
(Everything you always wanted to know about the Underworld)
After death there is no annihilation in Greek
Mythology. The dead are dead because they have a flavorless and
unhappy existence in the Underworld. Those who are practically
dead but exist and dwell in all happiness in the Isles of the
Blest or Elysium, are called Immortals. So life and death are
qualities of existence, not lack of it.
Oceanus and Styx.
Between the world of the living and that of
the dead there are, it is said, great rivers and dread streams.
First, greatest and outermost is Oceanus, which winds about the
earth and the sea with nine rings, but is also a subterranean
river. The river Styx (river of Hate), which is a primordial
figure too (daughter of Oceanus), is a branch of Oceanus and a
tenth part of his water is allotted to her. So Styx, which flows
out from a rock, is the tenth ring, though some say that Styx
itself corrals the souls in the Underworld with nine rings.
The Oath of the Gods.
Styx, daughter of Oceanus, was the first to
come to Olympus and, together with her children, supported the
gods in their war against the TITANS. For this reason Zeus
caused oaths to be sworn by the water of Styx. If any of the
gods pours a libation of her water and is forsworn, he/she lies
breathless for a year, never tastes Ambrosia and Nectar and lies
down spiritless and voiceless. After spending thus one year in
sickness he/she is cut off for nine years from the god's
councils and feasts and cannot return until the tenth year. Such
is the oath of Styx, which could be expressed thus:
"Now let my witness be Earth, and the wide
Heaven above, and the down-flowing waters of Styx, which is the
greatest and most dread oath for the blessed gods, and your own
sacred head, and our own bridal couch, by which I would never
dare to forswear myself - that not by my will is Poseidon doing
Hector and the Trojans harm and helping their enemies." [Hera to
Zeus]
or thus:
"Now let Earth be my witness, with the broad
Heaven above, and the down-flowing waters of Styx -the greatest
and most solemn oath the blessed gods can take- that I harbor no
secret plans to hurt you." [Calypso 3 to Odysseus]
or thus:
"Now hear this, Earth and wide Heaven above,
and dropping water of Styx (this is the strongest and most awful
oath for the blessed gods), surely Apollo shall have here his
fragrant altar and precinct, and you he shall honor above all."
[Leto to Delos, the island]
or thus:
"...For -be witness the oath of the gods, the
relentless water of Styx- I would have made your son deathless
and unaging all his days...but now he can in no way escape
death..." [Demeter to Metanira]
or thus:
"And may that Stygian pool whereby gods
swear, but which my eyes have never seen, be witness of my
promise." [Helius to Phaethon 3]
Other Rivers.
Styx is sometimes considered to be the river
the souls must cross to enter the realm of the dead, though at
other times it appears that the souls may cross the river
Acheron (river of Woe), or embarking here in vessels and
navigating its stream, come to the Acherusian Lake. Some say
that it is in this lake that the ferryman Charon takes the two
obols for the fare. According to some into Acheron flow
Pyriphlegethon (river of Fire) and Cocytus (river of Wailing),
which is a branch of the Styx. But others say that the river
Acheron, turbid with mud, pours all its sand into the stream of
Cocytus and the place where all these rivers meet is known as
the Stygian marsh.
Still others say that these rivers have no
bottom or foundation and that they, coming in and out from
Tartarus, oscillate and wave up and down from one side of the
earth to the other. The river Acheron, which flows through
various desert places, is said to come to the Acherusian Lake,
where the souls of most of the dead remain, some for a longer
time, some for a shorter, until they are reborn. The river
Pyriphlegethon, which is a stream of lava rolling in its torrent
clashing rocks, also builds a large lake boiling with water and
mud. Pyriphlegethon comes to the edge of the Acherusian lake,
but does not mingle with its water and neither does the Styx,
which coming close to the Acherusian Lake, passes round in a
circle and falls back into Tartarus under the name of Cocytus.
Tartarus, Cosmic Place.
Tartarus is the lowest abyss beneath the
earth where all waters originate; all rivers flow into the chasm
of Tartarus and flow out of it again. Tartarus is, they say, a
gloomy place as far distant from earth as earth is from the sky.
For, it is said, a brazen anvil falling down from heaven nine
nights and days would reach the earth upon the tenth: and again,
a brazen anvil falling from earth nine nights and days would
reach Tartarus upon the tenth. Still others say that Tartarus
yawns deep under the shades, extending down twice as far as the
view upward to Heaven. Tartarus and the Underworld are the realm
of Erebus, which is pure Darkness.
Tartarus, Place of
Punishment.
Tartarus is also a place of punishment. Round
it runs a fence of bronze, and night spreads in triple line all
about it. Some say that the gates are of iron and the threshold
of bronze, and others that there is a threefold wall around it.
Around this triple wall flows Pyriphlegethon with its flames and
its clashing rocks. The entrance, in which there is an enormous
portal has pillars of solid adamant that not even the gods could
break. At the top of its tower of Iron sits the Erinye Tisiphone
1, with her bloody robe, and sleepless day and night, guards the
entrance.
Tartarus, the Being.
Tartarus is, at the same time, a being
capable of intercourse. Tartarus is the father of such monsters
as Echidna and Typhon [for the fight of Typhon against heaven
see Zeus]. Erebus, the Darkness of the Underworld, possibly
existing from the beginning together with Chaos, Nyx (Night) and
Tartarus, gave birth, according to some, to the MOERAE, the
HESPERIDES, Hypnos, Geras (Old Age), Thanatos (Death) and Styx.
Arrival to Hades.
As men and women die Hermes leads their souls
to the Underworld, past the streams of Oceanus, past the White
Rock (Leucas), past the Gates of the Sun and the Land of Dreams,
until they reach the Asphodel Fields, where the spirits dwell
living the flavourless existence of a shadow or phantom. This is
not a place of punishment, but there is no pleasure and the mind
is confused and oblivious (with the exception of Tiresias).
In the Entrance.
Before the entrance to Hades live Grief and
Anxiety, along with Diseases and Old Age (Geras). Also Fear and
Hunger and Death and Agony and Hypnos (Sleep), brother of Death,
dwell in this place together with Guilty Joys. On an opposite
threshold is War, the ERINYES and Eris (Discord). Close to the
doors many other beasts dwell: CENTAURS, GORGONS, the Hydra from
Lerna, the Chimera, the HARPIES, and others. In the midst of all
this an Elm can be seen and False Dreams cling under every leaf.
Charon.
The dead seem to know the location of Hades
less than the living, as several entrances to Hades were known
from all times (one of them is in Taenarum, another in Cumae;
Odysseus arrived to Hades navigating the stream of Oceanus). The
souls descending to Hades carry a coin under the tongue in order
to pay Charon, the ferryman who ferries them across the river.
Charon may make exceptions or allowances for those visitors
carrying a certain Golden Bough. Otherwise is this Charon
appallingly filthy, with eyes like jets of fire, a bush of
unkempt beard upon his chin, and a dirty cloak hanging from his
shoulders. However, although Charon embarks now one group now
another, some souls he keeps at distance. These are the
unburied: none may be taken across from bank to bank if he had
not
received burial.
On the other bank.
Across the river or, as some say guarding the
gates of Hades, is Cerberus, the bronze-voiced hound, who eats
raw flesh and has fifty heads. Others say that this hound has
three heads of dogs, the tail of a dragon and on his back the
heads of all sorts of snakes. Cerberus 1 was once caught by
Heracles. On another occasion someone eluded his guarding
instinct throwing him a cake of honey and wheat infused with
sedative drugs. Then several categories of souls appear in this
neutral zone or Limbo, which could be the same as the Asphodel
Fields. Children are by themselves, and so are those who have
been condemned to death on a false charge and those who killed
themselves. Next comes the Vale of Mourning where those who were
consumed by unhappy love dwell, and in the farthest fields,
before the dividing road, are those who were famous in war.
The Dividing Road and the
Judges of the Dead.
Some say that the soul receives judgment in
the meadow (the Plain of Judgment) at the dividing of the road,
whence are the two ways leading, one to the Isles of the Blest
(or Elysium), and the other to Tartarus.
Those who pass judgment are Aeacus, former
King of Aegina, Minos 2, former King of Crete, and Rhadamanthys,
brother of Minos 2. Aeacus, who keeps the keys of Hades, judges
those who come from Europe and Rhadamanthys the Asians, but
Minos 2 has the privilege of the final decision. However those
who suffer a punishment in the Underworld have been condemned by
the gods.
Well known characters
punished in Tartarus.
Rhadamanthys, who rules in Tartarus, is
sometimes said to be the one that, with severe rule, tries and
chastises wrongdoers and forces confessions; then Tisiphone 1,
who guards the entrance wrapped in a bloodstained robe, pounces
upon the guilty and lashes and threatens them holding angry
snakes in her left hand. There receive punishment the TITANS,
the ALOADS, Salmoneus who mimicked the thunder and lightning of
Zeus, Tityus who tried to rape Leto, Ixion and Pirithous who
tried to carry off Persephone. Many of these are prevented by
the ERINYES to stretch out their hands for the food they see
before them. The ERINYES (Alecto, Megaera and Tisiphone) are
detectors and avengers of crime and wickedness, avenging
spirits, goddesses of vengeance, ready to stab fear into the
hearts of mortals.
The CYCLOPES and the HECATONCHEIRES were
hurled down to Tartarus by both Uranus and Cronos. And when Zeus
overcame the TITANS he shut them up there. Campe was in Tartarus
the jaileress of the CYCLOPES and the HECATONCHEIRES.
Double-shaped, she appeared a woman to the middle of her body,
with clusters of poisonous serpents for hair. Her giant form,
from the chest to the parting-point of the thighs, was covered
with sea-monster's scales. The claws of her hands were curved
like a crook-talon sickle and over her shoulders a scorpion
coiled upon itself. Campe is no longer in the Underworld because
she was destroyed by Zeus. But Eurynomus 3, a demon who eats off
all the flesh of the corpses, leaving only the bones, is
probably still there.
Crimes punished in Tartarus.
Among those punished in Tartarus are also
those who in life hated their own brothers, those who struck
their parents, those who loving fraud entangled their clients,
those who kept their wealth for themselves without ever sharing
(these are the majority), those who killed for adultery, those
engaged in treason, those who corrupted the laws and became
dictators, those who entered the beds of their daughters, and
others who committed numerous crimes which would never cease to
fill an unending catalogue; but equally unending are the
punishments and retributions inflicted here: rolling huge rocks,
whirling round, sitting in the Chair of Oblivion are just a few
examples.
Other punishments for the
wicked.
The most wicked and the worst criminals are
cast into Tartarus, whence they never emerge. Others, who have
committed great wrongs but who nevertheless are curable, are
thrown into Tartarus where they remain for some time until the
waves, either of Cocytus or of Pyriphlegethon cast them out
again. They then are carried by the currents to the Acherusian
Lake, where they beg to those whom they have wronged to be
gracious and let them come out into the lake. If they prevail
and their prayers are heard by those who had been outraged by
them, they may come out and their ills cease, but if not they
return to Tartarus starting all over again until they prevail
upon those whom they have wronged. This penalty is imposed upon
them by the Judges.
Elysium (Elysian Fields).
There is then a spot where the way forks in
two directions, the right-hand leading, under the Palace of
Hades, to Elysium, and the left-hand taking down to Tartarus.
Elysium is a happy place which has a sun and stars of its own.
The souls in Elysium cannot be grasped and are like phantoms and
in this they do not differ from those dwelling in the Asphodel
Fields. Those who dwell in Elysium exercise upon grassy
playing-fields or wrestle friendly on yellow sands; some dance
and others sing or chant poems. Orpheus is here and Musaeus, who
wrote songs and poems and uttered oracles. Some say several
members of the Trojan Royal House dwell here. All these live in
groves and make their beds on river-banks and may wander in
luminous plains and green valleys.
Reincarnation from Elysium.
According to some in Elysium, which is
considered to be ruled by Cronos, live also those who are not
yet born. These souls swarm along the banks of the river Lethe
(Oblivion). Some say that:
"They were all required to drink a measure of
the water, and those who were not saved by their good sense,
drank more than the measure, and each one as he drank forgot all
things." The souls who are destined for reincarnation drink from
Lethe's stream and quench their troubles in forgetfulness so
that they may return to corporeal existence on earth. This
strange desire (some say perverse) for earthly existence appears
to be a part of the laws governing the universe. For, according
to some, all that exists, heaven as well as earth, the plains as
the sea, the moon and the sun and the stars are all sustained by
a spirit within, an immanent Mind. And this spirit flows through
the whole of the material world making it work and producing all
creatures including mankind. Their life-force is celestial fire
but they are made out of clay, and thus encased in their dark
prison they fail to see the heavenly light and are the victims
of fear, depending on stupid desires and grief as well as joy.
They grow so accustomed to their bodies and its evils that not
even death makes them relinquish those ills that the body is
heir to. That is why they are disciplined in the Underworld
paying the penalty of old evil, each one finding his own level
and suffering his own spirit. Some of them however stay in
Elysium, not needing to reincarnate in order to regain original
purity, but the majority return to earth with their memories
deleted after having drunk from the waters of Lethe.
The account of Er, Messenger
from the Afterlife.
According to Er, the son of Armenius, who was
killed in battle but woke up when he was laying upon the funeral
pyre about to be cremated, he came to the world beyond while he
was dead and was allowed to return so that he could be the
messenger to mankind to tell them of the Underworld. He speaks
about four mouths through which the souls pass, some to
damnation and some to salvation, according to their deeds. For
each wrong they have done they pay the penalty tenfold for each,
measured by periods of a hundred years each, and the same
applies for those that are rewarded. And before receiving
judgment the souls wait in a meadow, where acquaintances greet
and tell their stories to one another, some lamenting and others
relating their visions of beauty, depending on the world they
had just experienced. After several days, when another cycle is
about to begin, each soul selects a new life. Says the Moerae
Lachesis (Alotter), attendant of Ananke (Necessity):
"Now is the beginning of another cycle of
mortal generation where birth is the beacon of death. No
divinity shall cast lots for you, but you shall choose your own
deity [daemon, genius]. Let him to whom falls the first lot
first select a life to which he shall cleave of necessity. But
Virtue has no master over her, and each shall have more or less
of her as he honors her or does her despite. The blame is his
who chooses: God is blameless.
Some who went there and
returned.
Besides the already mentioned Er, Odysseus,
Aeneas, Heracles 1, Theseus are among those who descended to
Hades while they were still living. None of them was especially
pleased with what they witnessed. In particular Achilles, whom
Odysseus met in Hades (although some believe that Achilles
dwells in the Isles of the Blest), said:
"Do not speak soothingly to me of death,
glorious Odysseus. I should choose to serve as the hireling of
another, rather than to be lord over the dead that have
perished."
More Tartarus:
Tartarus was spawned from the primordial
chaos. It was at once both a place deep beneath even the
underworld and a personification of the place. So dark and
sunless was Tartarus that its gloom had its own personification
- Erebus.
It was said that to reach Tartarus an anvil dropped from the
surface would fall for nine days. Tartarus was the ultimate
place of imprisonment, it was surrounded by a bronze fence with
gates of iron; the Hecatoncheires (100-handed ones) were its
guards. When Gaea gave birth to several horrible monsters,
including the Hecatoncheires and the Cyclopes, Uranus imprisoned
them there. When Zeus and his followers defeated the Titans,
Zeus also banished most of the Titans to Tartarus.
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